![]() ![]() The media industry undergoes a shift from creating content to providing platforms for user driven social interactions and user‐generated content. Schäfer’s research into hacking, fan communities and Web 2.0 applications demonstrates how the dynamic of innovation, control and interaction have shifted the boundaries of the traditional culture industry into the user domain. This thoughtful study casts a fresh light on the shaping of user participation in the context of, among others, popular discourse in and around new media. Furthermore, lay people and amateurs have been enthusiastically greeted as heroes of the digital era. The computer and particularly the Internet have been represented as enabling technologies, turning consumers into users and users into producers. "New online technologies have brought with them a great promise of freedom. However, the original vendors of video game consoles immediately saw their business model threatened by the possibility to circumvent the inscribed control features allowing the execution of copied games. The growing demand of mod-chips has been answered by a complex network of hackers, producers, and distributors. ![]() Using a mod-chip users could not also play unlicensed copies of video console games, but also execute software applications that would significantly expand functional range of the Xbox. The device was modified chip, called mod-chip and it lead to the emergence of a significant grey market where European hackers provided the hacking of the original Xbox, the design of mod-chips and the encryption technologies to protect their 'illegal' hack from cloning through Asian producers. This control feature could be easily circumvented with a device replacing Microsoft's original processor. Microsoft tried to prevent the execution of non-licensed software, such as pirated games or applications programmers did not license with Microsoft. When Microsoft launched its first video game console it quickly became a prime target for hackers who modified the common computer technology used in the black box to expand its features far beyond the original design. ![]()
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